How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less...
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How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less than 0.3 for all $p$?
Estimate for the product of primes less than nHow can I list all numbers relatively prime to X? (but less than X)Equation with a sum for the prime-counting function involving the Mobius functionCan't understand source of constant for prime counting function:Can you prove this formula for computing prime numbers is correct?Why can this cosine sum function show all primes less than $N^2$?A function that returns the highest prime less than or equal to $n$About how many prime exponents $n$ can we expect for ($a^n-b^n$)/($a-b$)?Is $N^n(p_n#)-p_n#$ always prime for all $ninmathbb{N}_{>1}$?Reference request: a formula for the prime-counting function
$begingroup$
How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less than 0.3 for all $p$?
Let's suppose that we have a function defined as follows:
$f(p) = frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$
where $p$ is a prime number and $[...]$ are Iverson brackets.
Here are the first few values of $f(p)$:
$f(3) = frac{1}{(3^2 - 1)} times frac {(3^2-3)}{3}$
$f(3) = frac{1}{8} times frac{6}{3}$
$f(3) = 0.25$
$f(5) = frac{1}{(5^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} ]$
$f(5) = frac{1}{24} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} ]$
$f(5) = 0.26667$
$f(7) = frac{1}{(7^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}]$
$f(7) = frac{1}{48} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}]$
$f(7) = 0.273214286$
$f(11) = frac{1}{(11^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}+frac{(11^2-3)}{11}]$
$f(11) = frac{1}{120} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}+frac{118}{11}]$
$f(11) = 0.198679654$
How to prove that $f(p)$ is always less than 0.3 for all prime numbers $p$?
I wrote a program to calculate $f(p)$ for the first $1000$ primes up to $p = 7,927$ and graphically it appears to approach $0$ with a maximum value of $0.2732$ at $p=7$. From the graph, it looks like it should be easy, but for some reason, I cannot figure it out.
Notice that $f(3) < f(5) < f(7)$, but $f(7) > f(11)$ so a proof by induction may not work.
number-theory proof-writing prime-numbers
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less than 0.3 for all $p$?
Let's suppose that we have a function defined as follows:
$f(p) = frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$
where $p$ is a prime number and $[...]$ are Iverson brackets.
Here are the first few values of $f(p)$:
$f(3) = frac{1}{(3^2 - 1)} times frac {(3^2-3)}{3}$
$f(3) = frac{1}{8} times frac{6}{3}$
$f(3) = 0.25$
$f(5) = frac{1}{(5^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} ]$
$f(5) = frac{1}{24} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} ]$
$f(5) = 0.26667$
$f(7) = frac{1}{(7^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}]$
$f(7) = frac{1}{48} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}]$
$f(7) = 0.273214286$
$f(11) = frac{1}{(11^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}+frac{(11^2-3)}{11}]$
$f(11) = frac{1}{120} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}+frac{118}{11}]$
$f(11) = 0.198679654$
How to prove that $f(p)$ is always less than 0.3 for all prime numbers $p$?
I wrote a program to calculate $f(p)$ for the first $1000$ primes up to $p = 7,927$ and graphically it appears to approach $0$ with a maximum value of $0.2732$ at $p=7$. From the graph, it looks like it should be easy, but for some reason, I cannot figure it out.
Notice that $f(3) < f(5) < f(7)$, but $f(7) > f(11)$ so a proof by induction may not work.
number-theory proof-writing prime-numbers
$endgroup$
1
$begingroup$
$$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
$endgroup$
– InterstellarProbe
Mar 18 at 20:46
$begingroup$
In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
$endgroup$
– Wojowu
Mar 18 at 20:52
$begingroup$
@Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
$endgroup$
– Barry Cipra
Mar 18 at 23:37
$begingroup$
I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
$endgroup$
– robjohn♦
Mar 19 at 13:52
add a comment |
$begingroup$
How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less than 0.3 for all $p$?
Let's suppose that we have a function defined as follows:
$f(p) = frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$
where $p$ is a prime number and $[...]$ are Iverson brackets.
Here are the first few values of $f(p)$:
$f(3) = frac{1}{(3^2 - 1)} times frac {(3^2-3)}{3}$
$f(3) = frac{1}{8} times frac{6}{3}$
$f(3) = 0.25$
$f(5) = frac{1}{(5^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} ]$
$f(5) = frac{1}{24} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} ]$
$f(5) = 0.26667$
$f(7) = frac{1}{(7^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}]$
$f(7) = frac{1}{48} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}]$
$f(7) = 0.273214286$
$f(11) = frac{1}{(11^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}+frac{(11^2-3)}{11}]$
$f(11) = frac{1}{120} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}+frac{118}{11}]$
$f(11) = 0.198679654$
How to prove that $f(p)$ is always less than 0.3 for all prime numbers $p$?
I wrote a program to calculate $f(p)$ for the first $1000$ primes up to $p = 7,927$ and graphically it appears to approach $0$ with a maximum value of $0.2732$ at $p=7$. From the graph, it looks like it should be easy, but for some reason, I cannot figure it out.
Notice that $f(3) < f(5) < f(7)$, but $f(7) > f(11)$ so a proof by induction may not work.
number-theory proof-writing prime-numbers
$endgroup$
How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less than 0.3 for all $p$?
Let's suppose that we have a function defined as follows:
$f(p) = frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$
where $p$ is a prime number and $[...]$ are Iverson brackets.
Here are the first few values of $f(p)$:
$f(3) = frac{1}{(3^2 - 1)} times frac {(3^2-3)}{3}$
$f(3) = frac{1}{8} times frac{6}{3}$
$f(3) = 0.25$
$f(5) = frac{1}{(5^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} ]$
$f(5) = frac{1}{24} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} ]$
$f(5) = 0.26667$
$f(7) = frac{1}{(7^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}]$
$f(7) = frac{1}{48} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}]$
$f(7) = 0.273214286$
$f(11) = frac{1}{(11^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}+frac{(11^2-3)}{11}]$
$f(11) = frac{1}{120} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}+frac{118}{11}]$
$f(11) = 0.198679654$
How to prove that $f(p)$ is always less than 0.3 for all prime numbers $p$?
I wrote a program to calculate $f(p)$ for the first $1000$ primes up to $p = 7,927$ and graphically it appears to approach $0$ with a maximum value of $0.2732$ at $p=7$. From the graph, it looks like it should be easy, but for some reason, I cannot figure it out.
Notice that $f(3) < f(5) < f(7)$, but $f(7) > f(11)$ so a proof by induction may not work.
number-theory proof-writing prime-numbers
number-theory proof-writing prime-numbers
edited Mar 19 at 13:49
robjohn♦
270k27312640
270k27312640
asked Mar 18 at 20:35
temp wattstemp watts
855
855
1
$begingroup$
$$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
$endgroup$
– InterstellarProbe
Mar 18 at 20:46
$begingroup$
In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
$endgroup$
– Wojowu
Mar 18 at 20:52
$begingroup$
@Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
$endgroup$
– Barry Cipra
Mar 18 at 23:37
$begingroup$
I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
$endgroup$
– robjohn♦
Mar 19 at 13:52
add a comment |
1
$begingroup$
$$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
$endgroup$
– InterstellarProbe
Mar 18 at 20:46
$begingroup$
In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
$endgroup$
– Wojowu
Mar 18 at 20:52
$begingroup$
@Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
$endgroup$
– Barry Cipra
Mar 18 at 23:37
$begingroup$
I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
$endgroup$
– robjohn♦
Mar 19 at 13:52
1
1
$begingroup$
$$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
$endgroup$
– InterstellarProbe
Mar 18 at 20:46
$begingroup$
$$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
$endgroup$
– InterstellarProbe
Mar 18 at 20:46
$begingroup$
In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
$endgroup$
– Wojowu
Mar 18 at 20:52
$begingroup$
In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
$endgroup$
– Wojowu
Mar 18 at 20:52
$begingroup$
@Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
$endgroup$
– Barry Cipra
Mar 18 at 23:37
$begingroup$
@Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
$endgroup$
– Barry Cipra
Mar 18 at 23:37
$begingroup$
I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
$endgroup$
– robjohn♦
Mar 19 at 13:52
$begingroup$
I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
$endgroup$
– robjohn♦
Mar 19 at 13:52
add a comment |
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
$$
begin{align}
sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}
&=int_{3^-}^{p^+}frac{x^2-3}{x},mathrm{d}pi(x)\
&=left[frac{p^2-3}{p}pi(p)-2right]-int_{3^-}^{p^+}pi(x)left(1+frac3{x^2}right)mathrm{d}x\[3pt]
&=frac{p^2}{2log(p)}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^2}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^3}+O!left(frac{p^2}{log(p)^4}right)
end{align}
$$
Thus, we have
$$
frac1{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}simfrac1{2log(p)}+frac1{4log(p)^2}+frac1{4log(p)^3}
$$
whose plot looks like
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}$$
If we use the fact that:
$$sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}=sum_{q=3}^pq-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q$$
Now we know that:
$$sum_{q=3}^pq=sum_{q=1}^pq-sum_{q=1}^2q=frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3$$
$$-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q=-3left[sum_{q=1}^pfrac1q-sum_{q=1}^2frac1qright]=-3left[ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac32right]$$
If we add these together we get:
$$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}left[frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3left(ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac12right)right]$$
Now if you find $f'(p)$ you can find a maximum value and find what this is
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
$endgroup$
– Crostul
Mar 18 at 20:57
$begingroup$
Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
$endgroup$
– Henry Lee
Mar 18 at 20:58
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The result is true for $p = 3$, $5$, and $7$, so assume that $p = 2n+1$ for $n ge 4$.
Note that all the primes $q$ occurring in the sum are odd. Thus
$$
begin{aligned}
f(p) = f(2n+1) = & frac{1}{4n^2 + 4n} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} frac{q^2 - 3}{q}\
< & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} q \
< & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q = 3}^{p, text{with $q$ odd}}
q \
= & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{j=1}^{n} (2j+1)\
= & frac{n^2 +2n}{4(n^2 + n)} \
= & frac{3}{10} - frac{(n-4)}{20(n+1)} \
le & frac{3}{10}. end{aligned}$$
In reality, $f(p) rightarrow 0$, since
$$f(p) le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} q
le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} p
= frac{1}{p^2} cdot p pi(p) sim 1/log p.$$
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
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– dantopa
Mar 18 at 21:07
$begingroup$
@dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
$endgroup$
– user655377
Mar 19 at 21:14
$begingroup$
@user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 19 at 23:23
add a comment |
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3 Answers
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3 Answers
3
active
oldest
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$begingroup$
$$
begin{align}
sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}
&=int_{3^-}^{p^+}frac{x^2-3}{x},mathrm{d}pi(x)\
&=left[frac{p^2-3}{p}pi(p)-2right]-int_{3^-}^{p^+}pi(x)left(1+frac3{x^2}right)mathrm{d}x\[3pt]
&=frac{p^2}{2log(p)}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^2}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^3}+O!left(frac{p^2}{log(p)^4}right)
end{align}
$$
Thus, we have
$$
frac1{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}simfrac1{2log(p)}+frac1{4log(p)^2}+frac1{4log(p)^3}
$$
whose plot looks like
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$$
begin{align}
sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}
&=int_{3^-}^{p^+}frac{x^2-3}{x},mathrm{d}pi(x)\
&=left[frac{p^2-3}{p}pi(p)-2right]-int_{3^-}^{p^+}pi(x)left(1+frac3{x^2}right)mathrm{d}x\[3pt]
&=frac{p^2}{2log(p)}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^2}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^3}+O!left(frac{p^2}{log(p)^4}right)
end{align}
$$
Thus, we have
$$
frac1{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}simfrac1{2log(p)}+frac1{4log(p)^2}+frac1{4log(p)^3}
$$
whose plot looks like
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$$
begin{align}
sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}
&=int_{3^-}^{p^+}frac{x^2-3}{x},mathrm{d}pi(x)\
&=left[frac{p^2-3}{p}pi(p)-2right]-int_{3^-}^{p^+}pi(x)left(1+frac3{x^2}right)mathrm{d}x\[3pt]
&=frac{p^2}{2log(p)}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^2}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^3}+O!left(frac{p^2}{log(p)^4}right)
end{align}
$$
Thus, we have
$$
frac1{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}simfrac1{2log(p)}+frac1{4log(p)^2}+frac1{4log(p)^3}
$$
whose plot looks like
$endgroup$
$$
begin{align}
sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}
&=int_{3^-}^{p^+}frac{x^2-3}{x},mathrm{d}pi(x)\
&=left[frac{p^2-3}{p}pi(p)-2right]-int_{3^-}^{p^+}pi(x)left(1+frac3{x^2}right)mathrm{d}x\[3pt]
&=frac{p^2}{2log(p)}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^2}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^3}+O!left(frac{p^2}{log(p)^4}right)
end{align}
$$
Thus, we have
$$
frac1{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}simfrac1{2log(p)}+frac1{4log(p)^2}+frac1{4log(p)^3}
$$
whose plot looks like
edited Mar 19 at 11:36
answered Mar 18 at 20:50
robjohn♦robjohn
270k27312640
270k27312640
add a comment |
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}$$
If we use the fact that:
$$sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}=sum_{q=3}^pq-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q$$
Now we know that:
$$sum_{q=3}^pq=sum_{q=1}^pq-sum_{q=1}^2q=frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3$$
$$-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q=-3left[sum_{q=1}^pfrac1q-sum_{q=1}^2frac1qright]=-3left[ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac32right]$$
If we add these together we get:
$$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}left[frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3left(ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac12right)right]$$
Now if you find $f'(p)$ you can find a maximum value and find what this is
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This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
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– Crostul
Mar 18 at 20:57
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Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
$endgroup$
– Henry Lee
Mar 18 at 20:58
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}$$
If we use the fact that:
$$sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}=sum_{q=3}^pq-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q$$
Now we know that:
$$sum_{q=3}^pq=sum_{q=1}^pq-sum_{q=1}^2q=frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3$$
$$-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q=-3left[sum_{q=1}^pfrac1q-sum_{q=1}^2frac1qright]=-3left[ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac32right]$$
If we add these together we get:
$$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}left[frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3left(ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac12right)right]$$
Now if you find $f'(p)$ you can find a maximum value and find what this is
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
$endgroup$
– Crostul
Mar 18 at 20:57
$begingroup$
Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
$endgroup$
– Henry Lee
Mar 18 at 20:58
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}$$
If we use the fact that:
$$sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}=sum_{q=3}^pq-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q$$
Now we know that:
$$sum_{q=3}^pq=sum_{q=1}^pq-sum_{q=1}^2q=frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3$$
$$-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q=-3left[sum_{q=1}^pfrac1q-sum_{q=1}^2frac1qright]=-3left[ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac32right]$$
If we add these together we get:
$$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}left[frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3left(ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac12right)right]$$
Now if you find $f'(p)$ you can find a maximum value and find what this is
$endgroup$
$$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}$$
If we use the fact that:
$$sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}=sum_{q=3}^pq-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q$$
Now we know that:
$$sum_{q=3}^pq=sum_{q=1}^pq-sum_{q=1}^2q=frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3$$
$$-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q=-3left[sum_{q=1}^pfrac1q-sum_{q=1}^2frac1qright]=-3left[ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac32right]$$
If we add these together we get:
$$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}left[frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3left(ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac12right)right]$$
Now if you find $f'(p)$ you can find a maximum value and find what this is
answered Mar 18 at 20:48
Henry LeeHenry Lee
2,201319
2,201319
$begingroup$
This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
$endgroup$
– Crostul
Mar 18 at 20:57
$begingroup$
Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
$endgroup$
– Henry Lee
Mar 18 at 20:58
add a comment |
$begingroup$
This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
$endgroup$
– Crostul
Mar 18 at 20:57
$begingroup$
Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
$endgroup$
– Henry Lee
Mar 18 at 20:58
$begingroup$
This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
$endgroup$
– Crostul
Mar 18 at 20:57
$begingroup$
This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
$endgroup$
– Crostul
Mar 18 at 20:57
$begingroup$
Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
$endgroup$
– Henry Lee
Mar 18 at 20:58
$begingroup$
Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
$endgroup$
– Henry Lee
Mar 18 at 20:58
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The result is true for $p = 3$, $5$, and $7$, so assume that $p = 2n+1$ for $n ge 4$.
Note that all the primes $q$ occurring in the sum are odd. Thus
$$
begin{aligned}
f(p) = f(2n+1) = & frac{1}{4n^2 + 4n} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} frac{q^2 - 3}{q}\
< & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} q \
< & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q = 3}^{p, text{with $q$ odd}}
q \
= & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{j=1}^{n} (2j+1)\
= & frac{n^2 +2n}{4(n^2 + n)} \
= & frac{3}{10} - frac{(n-4)}{20(n+1)} \
le & frac{3}{10}. end{aligned}$$
In reality, $f(p) rightarrow 0$, since
$$f(p) le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} q
le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} p
= frac{1}{p^2} cdot p pi(p) sim 1/log p.$$
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Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
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– dantopa
Mar 18 at 21:07
$begingroup$
@dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
$endgroup$
– user655377
Mar 19 at 21:14
$begingroup$
@user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 19 at 23:23
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The result is true for $p = 3$, $5$, and $7$, so assume that $p = 2n+1$ for $n ge 4$.
Note that all the primes $q$ occurring in the sum are odd. Thus
$$
begin{aligned}
f(p) = f(2n+1) = & frac{1}{4n^2 + 4n} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} frac{q^2 - 3}{q}\
< & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} q \
< & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q = 3}^{p, text{with $q$ odd}}
q \
= & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{j=1}^{n} (2j+1)\
= & frac{n^2 +2n}{4(n^2 + n)} \
= & frac{3}{10} - frac{(n-4)}{20(n+1)} \
le & frac{3}{10}. end{aligned}$$
In reality, $f(p) rightarrow 0$, since
$$f(p) le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} q
le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} p
= frac{1}{p^2} cdot p pi(p) sim 1/log p.$$
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 18 at 21:07
$begingroup$
@dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
$endgroup$
– user655377
Mar 19 at 21:14
$begingroup$
@user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 19 at 23:23
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The result is true for $p = 3$, $5$, and $7$, so assume that $p = 2n+1$ for $n ge 4$.
Note that all the primes $q$ occurring in the sum are odd. Thus
$$
begin{aligned}
f(p) = f(2n+1) = & frac{1}{4n^2 + 4n} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} frac{q^2 - 3}{q}\
< & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} q \
< & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q = 3}^{p, text{with $q$ odd}}
q \
= & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{j=1}^{n} (2j+1)\
= & frac{n^2 +2n}{4(n^2 + n)} \
= & frac{3}{10} - frac{(n-4)}{20(n+1)} \
le & frac{3}{10}. end{aligned}$$
In reality, $f(p) rightarrow 0$, since
$$f(p) le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} q
le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} p
= frac{1}{p^2} cdot p pi(p) sim 1/log p.$$
$endgroup$
The result is true for $p = 3$, $5$, and $7$, so assume that $p = 2n+1$ for $n ge 4$.
Note that all the primes $q$ occurring in the sum are odd. Thus
$$
begin{aligned}
f(p) = f(2n+1) = & frac{1}{4n^2 + 4n} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} frac{q^2 - 3}{q}\
< & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} q \
< & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q = 3}^{p, text{with $q$ odd}}
q \
= & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{j=1}^{n} (2j+1)\
= & frac{n^2 +2n}{4(n^2 + n)} \
= & frac{3}{10} - frac{(n-4)}{20(n+1)} \
le & frac{3}{10}. end{aligned}$$
In reality, $f(p) rightarrow 0$, since
$$f(p) le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} q
le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} p
= frac{1}{p^2} cdot p pi(p) sim 1/log p.$$
answered Mar 18 at 21:01
user655522user655522
111
111
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Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
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– dantopa
Mar 18 at 21:07
$begingroup$
@dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
$endgroup$
– user655377
Mar 19 at 21:14
$begingroup$
@user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 19 at 23:23
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 18 at 21:07
$begingroup$
@dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
$endgroup$
– user655377
Mar 19 at 21:14
$begingroup$
@user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 19 at 23:23
$begingroup$
Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 18 at 21:07
$begingroup$
Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 18 at 21:07
$begingroup$
@dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
$endgroup$
– user655377
Mar 19 at 21:14
$begingroup$
@dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
$endgroup$
– user655377
Mar 19 at 21:14
$begingroup$
@user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 19 at 23:23
$begingroup$
@user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
$endgroup$
– dantopa
Mar 19 at 23:23
add a comment |
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$$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
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– InterstellarProbe
Mar 18 at 20:46
$begingroup$
In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
$endgroup$
– Wojowu
Mar 18 at 20:52
$begingroup$
@Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
$endgroup$
– Barry Cipra
Mar 18 at 23:37
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I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
$endgroup$
– robjohn♦
Mar 19 at 13:52