How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less...

Why do bosons tend to occupy the same state?

Is there a hemisphere-neutral way of specifying a season?

How do I know where to place holes on an instrument?

Is it logically or scientifically possible to artificially send energy to the body?

How can saying a song's name be a copyright violation?

How to show a landlord what we have in savings?

Why didn't Miles's spider sense work before?

How can I determine if the org that I'm currently connected to is a scratch org?

How to compactly explain secondary and tertiary characters without resorting to stereotypes?

Do UK voters know if their MP will be the Speaker of the House?

Intersection Puzzle

Avoiding direct proof while writing proof by induction

Watching something be piped to a file live with tail

How dangerous is XSS?

In 'Revenger,' what does 'cove' come from?

Size of subfigure fitting its content (tikzpicture)

How did the Super Star Destroyer Executor get destroyed exactly?

iPad being using in wall mount battery swollen

What does the expression "A Mann!" means

What mechanic is there to disable a threat instead of killing it?

What is the most common color to indicate the input-field is disabled?

Why no variance term in Bayesian logistic regression?

Venezuelan girlfriend wants to travel the USA to be with me. What is the process?

Expand and Contract



How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less than 0.3 for all $p$?


Estimate for the product of primes less than nHow can I list all numbers relatively prime to X? (but less than X)Equation with a sum for the prime-counting function involving the Mobius functionCan't understand source of constant for prime counting function:Can you prove this formula for computing prime numbers is correct?Why can this cosine sum function show all primes less than $N^2$?A function that returns the highest prime less than or equal to $n$About how many prime exponents $n$ can we expect for ($a^n-b^n$)/($a-b$)?Is $N^n(p_n#)-p_n#$ always prime for all $ninmathbb{N}_{>1}$?Reference request: a formula for the prime-counting function













4












$begingroup$


How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less than 0.3 for all $p$?



Let's suppose that we have a function defined as follows:



$f(p) = frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$



where $p$ is a prime number and $[...]$ are Iverson brackets.



Here are the first few values of $f(p)$:



$f(3) = frac{1}{(3^2 - 1)} times frac {(3^2-3)}{3}$



$f(3) = frac{1}{8} times frac{6}{3}$



$f(3) = 0.25$



$f(5) = frac{1}{(5^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} ]$



$f(5) = frac{1}{24} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} ]$



$f(5) = 0.26667$



$f(7) = frac{1}{(7^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}]$



$f(7) = frac{1}{48} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}]$



$f(7) = 0.273214286$



$f(11) = frac{1}{(11^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}+frac{(11^2-3)}{11}]$



$f(11) = frac{1}{120} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}+frac{118}{11}]$



$f(11) = 0.198679654$



How to prove that $f(p)$ is always less than 0.3 for all prime numbers $p$?



I wrote a program to calculate $f(p)$ for the first $1000$ primes up to $p = 7,927$ and graphically it appears to approach $0$ with a maximum value of $0.2732$ at $p=7$. From the graph, it looks like it should be easy, but for some reason, I cannot figure it out.



Notice that $f(3) < f(5) < f(7)$, but $f(7) > f(11)$ so a proof by induction may not work.



Values of f(p)










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
    $endgroup$
    – InterstellarProbe
    Mar 18 at 20:46












  • $begingroup$
    In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
    $endgroup$
    – Wojowu
    Mar 18 at 20:52










  • $begingroup$
    @Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
    $endgroup$
    – Barry Cipra
    Mar 18 at 23:37










  • $begingroup$
    I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
    $endgroup$
    – robjohn
    Mar 19 at 13:52


















4












$begingroup$


How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less than 0.3 for all $p$?



Let's suppose that we have a function defined as follows:



$f(p) = frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$



where $p$ is a prime number and $[...]$ are Iverson brackets.



Here are the first few values of $f(p)$:



$f(3) = frac{1}{(3^2 - 1)} times frac {(3^2-3)}{3}$



$f(3) = frac{1}{8} times frac{6}{3}$



$f(3) = 0.25$



$f(5) = frac{1}{(5^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} ]$



$f(5) = frac{1}{24} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} ]$



$f(5) = 0.26667$



$f(7) = frac{1}{(7^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}]$



$f(7) = frac{1}{48} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}]$



$f(7) = 0.273214286$



$f(11) = frac{1}{(11^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}+frac{(11^2-3)}{11}]$



$f(11) = frac{1}{120} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}+frac{118}{11}]$



$f(11) = 0.198679654$



How to prove that $f(p)$ is always less than 0.3 for all prime numbers $p$?



I wrote a program to calculate $f(p)$ for the first $1000$ primes up to $p = 7,927$ and graphically it appears to approach $0$ with a maximum value of $0.2732$ at $p=7$. From the graph, it looks like it should be easy, but for some reason, I cannot figure it out.



Notice that $f(3) < f(5) < f(7)$, but $f(7) > f(11)$ so a proof by induction may not work.



Values of f(p)










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
    $endgroup$
    – InterstellarProbe
    Mar 18 at 20:46












  • $begingroup$
    In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
    $endgroup$
    – Wojowu
    Mar 18 at 20:52










  • $begingroup$
    @Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
    $endgroup$
    – Barry Cipra
    Mar 18 at 23:37










  • $begingroup$
    I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
    $endgroup$
    – robjohn
    Mar 19 at 13:52
















4












4








4


1



$begingroup$


How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less than 0.3 for all $p$?



Let's suppose that we have a function defined as follows:



$f(p) = frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$



where $p$ is a prime number and $[...]$ are Iverson brackets.



Here are the first few values of $f(p)$:



$f(3) = frac{1}{(3^2 - 1)} times frac {(3^2-3)}{3}$



$f(3) = frac{1}{8} times frac{6}{3}$



$f(3) = 0.25$



$f(5) = frac{1}{(5^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} ]$



$f(5) = frac{1}{24} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} ]$



$f(5) = 0.26667$



$f(7) = frac{1}{(7^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}]$



$f(7) = frac{1}{48} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}]$



$f(7) = 0.273214286$



$f(11) = frac{1}{(11^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}+frac{(11^2-3)}{11}]$



$f(11) = frac{1}{120} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}+frac{118}{11}]$



$f(11) = 0.198679654$



How to prove that $f(p)$ is always less than 0.3 for all prime numbers $p$?



I wrote a program to calculate $f(p)$ for the first $1000$ primes up to $p = 7,927$ and graphically it appears to approach $0$ with a maximum value of $0.2732$ at $p=7$. From the graph, it looks like it should be easy, but for some reason, I cannot figure it out.



Notice that $f(3) < f(5) < f(7)$, but $f(7) > f(11)$ so a proof by induction may not work.



Values of f(p)










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




How to prove that function $f(p)= frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$ is less than 0.3 for all $p$?



Let's suppose that we have a function defined as follows:



$f(p) = frac{1}{(p^2 - 1)} sum_{q=3}^p frac{q^2-3}{q}[qtext{ is prime}]$



where $p$ is a prime number and $[...]$ are Iverson brackets.



Here are the first few values of $f(p)$:



$f(3) = frac{1}{(3^2 - 1)} times frac {(3^2-3)}{3}$



$f(3) = frac{1}{8} times frac{6}{3}$



$f(3) = 0.25$



$f(5) = frac{1}{(5^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} ]$



$f(5) = frac{1}{24} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} ]$



$f(5) = 0.26667$



$f(7) = frac{1}{(7^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}]$



$f(7) = frac{1}{48} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}]$



$f(7) = 0.273214286$



$f(11) = frac{1}{(11^2 - 1)} times [ frac{(3^2-3)}{3} +frac{(5^2-3)}{5} +frac{(7^2-3)}{7}+frac{(11^2-3)}{11}]$



$f(11) = frac{1}{120} times [ frac{6}{3} +frac{22}{5} +frac{46}{7}+frac{118}{11}]$



$f(11) = 0.198679654$



How to prove that $f(p)$ is always less than 0.3 for all prime numbers $p$?



I wrote a program to calculate $f(p)$ for the first $1000$ primes up to $p = 7,927$ and graphically it appears to approach $0$ with a maximum value of $0.2732$ at $p=7$. From the graph, it looks like it should be easy, but for some reason, I cannot figure it out.



Notice that $f(3) < f(5) < f(7)$, but $f(7) > f(11)$ so a proof by induction may not work.



Values of f(p)







number-theory proof-writing prime-numbers






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Mar 19 at 13:49









robjohn

270k27312640




270k27312640










asked Mar 18 at 20:35









temp wattstemp watts

855




855








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
    $endgroup$
    – InterstellarProbe
    Mar 18 at 20:46












  • $begingroup$
    In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
    $endgroup$
    – Wojowu
    Mar 18 at 20:52










  • $begingroup$
    @Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
    $endgroup$
    – Barry Cipra
    Mar 18 at 23:37










  • $begingroup$
    I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
    $endgroup$
    – robjohn
    Mar 19 at 13:52
















  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
    $endgroup$
    – InterstellarProbe
    Mar 18 at 20:46












  • $begingroup$
    In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
    $endgroup$
    – Wojowu
    Mar 18 at 20:52










  • $begingroup$
    @Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
    $endgroup$
    – Barry Cipra
    Mar 18 at 23:37










  • $begingroup$
    I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
    $endgroup$
    – robjohn
    Mar 19 at 13:52










1




1




$begingroup$
$$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
$endgroup$
– InterstellarProbe
Mar 18 at 20:46






$begingroup$
$$sum_{q=3}^p dfrac{q^2-3}{q} = dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6H_pright)$$ where $$H_p$$ is the $p$-th Harmonic Number. This is less than $$dfrac{1}{2}left(p^2+p-6-6ln pright)$$. Does that help?
$endgroup$
– InterstellarProbe
Mar 18 at 20:46














$begingroup$
In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
$endgroup$
– Wojowu
Mar 18 at 20:52




$begingroup$
In the formula you sum over all values of $q$ from $3$ to $p$, while in the examples you only add up the terms for odd $q$.
$endgroup$
– Wojowu
Mar 18 at 20:52












$begingroup$
@Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
$endgroup$
– Barry Cipra
Mar 18 at 23:37




$begingroup$
@Wojowu, the OP is actually summing over odd primes. They say so in the problem, but should probably emphasize it, maybe by putting it in boldface.
$endgroup$
– Barry Cipra
Mar 18 at 23:37












$begingroup$
I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
$endgroup$
– robjohn
Mar 19 at 13:52






$begingroup$
I have edited the question to include, more visibly, that $q$ is a prime.
$endgroup$
– robjohn
Mar 19 at 13:52












3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes


















5












$begingroup$

$$
begin{align}
sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}
&=int_{3^-}^{p^+}frac{x^2-3}{x},mathrm{d}pi(x)\
&=left[frac{p^2-3}{p}pi(p)-2right]-int_{3^-}^{p^+}pi(x)left(1+frac3{x^2}right)mathrm{d}x\[3pt]
&=frac{p^2}{2log(p)}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^2}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^3}+O!left(frac{p^2}{log(p)^4}right)
end{align}
$$

Thus, we have
$$
frac1{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}simfrac1{2log(p)}+frac1{4log(p)^2}+frac1{4log(p)^3}
$$

whose plot looks like



enter image description here






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$





















    2












    $begingroup$

    $$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}$$
    If we use the fact that:
    $$sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}=sum_{q=3}^pq-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q$$
    Now we know that:
    $$sum_{q=3}^pq=sum_{q=1}^pq-sum_{q=1}^2q=frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3$$
    $$-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q=-3left[sum_{q=1}^pfrac1q-sum_{q=1}^2frac1qright]=-3left[ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac32right]$$
    If we add these together we get:
    $$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}left[frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3left(ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac12right)right]$$
    Now if you find $f'(p)$ you can find a maximum value and find what this is






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$













    • $begingroup$
      This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
      $endgroup$
      – Crostul
      Mar 18 at 20:57










    • $begingroup$
      Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
      $endgroup$
      – Henry Lee
      Mar 18 at 20:58



















    1












    $begingroup$

    The result is true for $p = 3$, $5$, and $7$, so assume that $p = 2n+1$ for $n ge 4$.
    Note that all the primes $q$ occurring in the sum are odd. Thus



    $$
    begin{aligned}
    f(p) = f(2n+1) = & frac{1}{4n^2 + 4n} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} frac{q^2 - 3}{q}\
    < & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} q \
    < & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q = 3}^{p, text{with $q$ odd}}
    q \
    = & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{j=1}^{n} (2j+1)\
    = & frac{n^2 +2n}{4(n^2 + n)} \
    = & frac{3}{10} - frac{(n-4)}{20(n+1)} \
    le & frac{3}{10}. end{aligned}$$



    In reality, $f(p) rightarrow 0$, since



    $$f(p) le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} q
    le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} p
    = frac{1}{p^2} cdot p pi(p) sim 1/log p.$$






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$













    • $begingroup$
      Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
      $endgroup$
      – dantopa
      Mar 18 at 21:07










    • $begingroup$
      @dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
      $endgroup$
      – user655377
      Mar 19 at 21:14










    • $begingroup$
      @user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
      $endgroup$
      – dantopa
      Mar 19 at 23:23












    Your Answer





    StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
    return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
    StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
    StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
    });
    });
    }, "mathjax-editing");

    StackExchange.ready(function() {
    var channelOptions = {
    tags: "".split(" "),
    id: "69"
    };
    initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

    StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
    // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
    if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
    StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
    createEditor();
    });
    }
    else {
    createEditor();
    }
    });

    function createEditor() {
    StackExchange.prepareEditor({
    heartbeatType: 'answer',
    autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
    convertImagesToLinks: true,
    noModals: true,
    showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
    reputationToPostImages: 10,
    bindNavPrevention: true,
    postfix: "",
    imageUploader: {
    brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
    contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
    allowUrls: true
    },
    noCode: true, onDemand: true,
    discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
    ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
    });


    }
    });














    draft saved

    draft discarded


















    StackExchange.ready(
    function () {
    StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3153287%2fhow-to-prove-that-function-fp-frac1p2-1-sum-q-3p-fracq2-3%23new-answer', 'question_page');
    }
    );

    Post as a guest















    Required, but never shown

























    3 Answers
    3






    active

    oldest

    votes








    3 Answers
    3






    active

    oldest

    votes









    active

    oldest

    votes






    active

    oldest

    votes









    5












    $begingroup$

    $$
    begin{align}
    sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}
    &=int_{3^-}^{p^+}frac{x^2-3}{x},mathrm{d}pi(x)\
    &=left[frac{p^2-3}{p}pi(p)-2right]-int_{3^-}^{p^+}pi(x)left(1+frac3{x^2}right)mathrm{d}x\[3pt]
    &=frac{p^2}{2log(p)}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^2}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^3}+O!left(frac{p^2}{log(p)^4}right)
    end{align}
    $$

    Thus, we have
    $$
    frac1{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}simfrac1{2log(p)}+frac1{4log(p)^2}+frac1{4log(p)^3}
    $$

    whose plot looks like



    enter image description here






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$


















      5












      $begingroup$

      $$
      begin{align}
      sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}
      &=int_{3^-}^{p^+}frac{x^2-3}{x},mathrm{d}pi(x)\
      &=left[frac{p^2-3}{p}pi(p)-2right]-int_{3^-}^{p^+}pi(x)left(1+frac3{x^2}right)mathrm{d}x\[3pt]
      &=frac{p^2}{2log(p)}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^2}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^3}+O!left(frac{p^2}{log(p)^4}right)
      end{align}
      $$

      Thus, we have
      $$
      frac1{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}simfrac1{2log(p)}+frac1{4log(p)^2}+frac1{4log(p)^3}
      $$

      whose plot looks like



      enter image description here






      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$
















        5












        5








        5





        $begingroup$

        $$
        begin{align}
        sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}
        &=int_{3^-}^{p^+}frac{x^2-3}{x},mathrm{d}pi(x)\
        &=left[frac{p^2-3}{p}pi(p)-2right]-int_{3^-}^{p^+}pi(x)left(1+frac3{x^2}right)mathrm{d}x\[3pt]
        &=frac{p^2}{2log(p)}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^2}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^3}+O!left(frac{p^2}{log(p)^4}right)
        end{align}
        $$

        Thus, we have
        $$
        frac1{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}simfrac1{2log(p)}+frac1{4log(p)^2}+frac1{4log(p)^3}
        $$

        whose plot looks like



        enter image description here






        share|cite|improve this answer











        $endgroup$



        $$
        begin{align}
        sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}
        &=int_{3^-}^{p^+}frac{x^2-3}{x},mathrm{d}pi(x)\
        &=left[frac{p^2-3}{p}pi(p)-2right]-int_{3^-}^{p^+}pi(x)left(1+frac3{x^2}right)mathrm{d}x\[3pt]
        &=frac{p^2}{2log(p)}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^2}+frac{p^2}{4log(p)^3}+O!left(frac{p^2}{log(p)^4}right)
        end{align}
        $$

        Thus, we have
        $$
        frac1{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}simfrac1{2log(p)}+frac1{4log(p)^2}+frac1{4log(p)^3}
        $$

        whose plot looks like



        enter image description here







        share|cite|improve this answer














        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer








        edited Mar 19 at 11:36

























        answered Mar 18 at 20:50









        robjohnrobjohn

        270k27312640




        270k27312640























            2












            $begingroup$

            $$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}$$
            If we use the fact that:
            $$sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}=sum_{q=3}^pq-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q$$
            Now we know that:
            $$sum_{q=3}^pq=sum_{q=1}^pq-sum_{q=1}^2q=frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3$$
            $$-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q=-3left[sum_{q=1}^pfrac1q-sum_{q=1}^2frac1qright]=-3left[ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac32right]$$
            If we add these together we get:
            $$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}left[frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3left(ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac12right)right]$$
            Now if you find $f'(p)$ you can find a maximum value and find what this is






            share|cite|improve this answer









            $endgroup$













            • $begingroup$
              This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
              $endgroup$
              – Crostul
              Mar 18 at 20:57










            • $begingroup$
              Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
              $endgroup$
              – Henry Lee
              Mar 18 at 20:58
















            2












            $begingroup$

            $$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}$$
            If we use the fact that:
            $$sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}=sum_{q=3}^pq-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q$$
            Now we know that:
            $$sum_{q=3}^pq=sum_{q=1}^pq-sum_{q=1}^2q=frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3$$
            $$-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q=-3left[sum_{q=1}^pfrac1q-sum_{q=1}^2frac1qright]=-3left[ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac32right]$$
            If we add these together we get:
            $$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}left[frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3left(ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac12right)right]$$
            Now if you find $f'(p)$ you can find a maximum value and find what this is






            share|cite|improve this answer









            $endgroup$













            • $begingroup$
              This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
              $endgroup$
              – Crostul
              Mar 18 at 20:57










            • $begingroup$
              Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
              $endgroup$
              – Henry Lee
              Mar 18 at 20:58














            2












            2








            2





            $begingroup$

            $$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}$$
            If we use the fact that:
            $$sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}=sum_{q=3}^pq-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q$$
            Now we know that:
            $$sum_{q=3}^pq=sum_{q=1}^pq-sum_{q=1}^2q=frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3$$
            $$-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q=-3left[sum_{q=1}^pfrac1q-sum_{q=1}^2frac1qright]=-3left[ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac32right]$$
            If we add these together we get:
            $$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}left[frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3left(ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac12right)right]$$
            Now if you find $f'(p)$ you can find a maximum value and find what this is






            share|cite|improve this answer









            $endgroup$



            $$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}$$
            If we use the fact that:
            $$sum_{q=3}^pfrac{q^2-3}{q}=sum_{q=3}^pq-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q$$
            Now we know that:
            $$sum_{q=3}^pq=sum_{q=1}^pq-sum_{q=1}^2q=frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3$$
            $$-3sum_{q=3}^pfrac1q=-3left[sum_{q=1}^pfrac1q-sum_{q=1}^2frac1qright]=-3left[ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac32right]$$
            If we add these together we get:
            $$f(p)=frac{1}{p^2-1}left[frac{p(p+1)}{2}-3left(ln(p)+gamma+frac{1}{2p}-frac12right)right]$$
            Now if you find $f'(p)$ you can find a maximum value and find what this is







            share|cite|improve this answer












            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer










            answered Mar 18 at 20:48









            Henry LeeHenry Lee

            2,201319




            2,201319












            • $begingroup$
              This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
              $endgroup$
              – Crostul
              Mar 18 at 20:57










            • $begingroup$
              Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
              $endgroup$
              – Henry Lee
              Mar 18 at 20:58


















            • $begingroup$
              This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
              $endgroup$
              – Crostul
              Mar 18 at 20:57










            • $begingroup$
              Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
              $endgroup$
              – Henry Lee
              Mar 18 at 20:58
















            $begingroup$
            This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
            $endgroup$
            – Crostul
            Mar 18 at 20:57




            $begingroup$
            This does not work, the sum is over primes $q$
            $endgroup$
            – Crostul
            Mar 18 at 20:57












            $begingroup$
            Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
            $endgroup$
            – Henry Lee
            Mar 18 at 20:58




            $begingroup$
            Ah my mistake, I missed the fact that we are only summing primes
            $endgroup$
            – Henry Lee
            Mar 18 at 20:58











            1












            $begingroup$

            The result is true for $p = 3$, $5$, and $7$, so assume that $p = 2n+1$ for $n ge 4$.
            Note that all the primes $q$ occurring in the sum are odd. Thus



            $$
            begin{aligned}
            f(p) = f(2n+1) = & frac{1}{4n^2 + 4n} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} frac{q^2 - 3}{q}\
            < & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} q \
            < & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q = 3}^{p, text{with $q$ odd}}
            q \
            = & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{j=1}^{n} (2j+1)\
            = & frac{n^2 +2n}{4(n^2 + n)} \
            = & frac{3}{10} - frac{(n-4)}{20(n+1)} \
            le & frac{3}{10}. end{aligned}$$



            In reality, $f(p) rightarrow 0$, since



            $$f(p) le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} q
            le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} p
            = frac{1}{p^2} cdot p pi(p) sim 1/log p.$$






            share|cite|improve this answer









            $endgroup$













            • $begingroup$
              Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
              $endgroup$
              – dantopa
              Mar 18 at 21:07










            • $begingroup$
              @dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
              $endgroup$
              – user655377
              Mar 19 at 21:14










            • $begingroup$
              @user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
              $endgroup$
              – dantopa
              Mar 19 at 23:23
















            1












            $begingroup$

            The result is true for $p = 3$, $5$, and $7$, so assume that $p = 2n+1$ for $n ge 4$.
            Note that all the primes $q$ occurring in the sum are odd. Thus



            $$
            begin{aligned}
            f(p) = f(2n+1) = & frac{1}{4n^2 + 4n} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} frac{q^2 - 3}{q}\
            < & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} q \
            < & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q = 3}^{p, text{with $q$ odd}}
            q \
            = & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{j=1}^{n} (2j+1)\
            = & frac{n^2 +2n}{4(n^2 + n)} \
            = & frac{3}{10} - frac{(n-4)}{20(n+1)} \
            le & frac{3}{10}. end{aligned}$$



            In reality, $f(p) rightarrow 0$, since



            $$f(p) le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} q
            le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} p
            = frac{1}{p^2} cdot p pi(p) sim 1/log p.$$






            share|cite|improve this answer









            $endgroup$













            • $begingroup$
              Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
              $endgroup$
              – dantopa
              Mar 18 at 21:07










            • $begingroup$
              @dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
              $endgroup$
              – user655377
              Mar 19 at 21:14










            • $begingroup$
              @user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
              $endgroup$
              – dantopa
              Mar 19 at 23:23














            1












            1








            1





            $begingroup$

            The result is true for $p = 3$, $5$, and $7$, so assume that $p = 2n+1$ for $n ge 4$.
            Note that all the primes $q$ occurring in the sum are odd. Thus



            $$
            begin{aligned}
            f(p) = f(2n+1) = & frac{1}{4n^2 + 4n} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} frac{q^2 - 3}{q}\
            < & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} q \
            < & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q = 3}^{p, text{with $q$ odd}}
            q \
            = & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{j=1}^{n} (2j+1)\
            = & frac{n^2 +2n}{4(n^2 + n)} \
            = & frac{3}{10} - frac{(n-4)}{20(n+1)} \
            le & frac{3}{10}. end{aligned}$$



            In reality, $f(p) rightarrow 0$, since



            $$f(p) le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} q
            le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} p
            = frac{1}{p^2} cdot p pi(p) sim 1/log p.$$






            share|cite|improve this answer









            $endgroup$



            The result is true for $p = 3$, $5$, and $7$, so assume that $p = 2n+1$ for $n ge 4$.
            Note that all the primes $q$ occurring in the sum are odd. Thus



            $$
            begin{aligned}
            f(p) = f(2n+1) = & frac{1}{4n^2 + 4n} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} frac{q^2 - 3}{q}\
            < & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q=3}^{p, text{ with $q$ prime}} q \
            < & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{q = 3}^{p, text{with $q$ odd}}
            q \
            = & frac{1}{4(n^2 + n)} sum_{j=1}^{n} (2j+1)\
            = & frac{n^2 +2n}{4(n^2 + n)} \
            = & frac{3}{10} - frac{(n-4)}{20(n+1)} \
            le & frac{3}{10}. end{aligned}$$



            In reality, $f(p) rightarrow 0$, since



            $$f(p) le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} q
            le frac{1}{p^2} sum_{q le p} p
            = frac{1}{p^2} cdot p pi(p) sim 1/log p.$$







            share|cite|improve this answer












            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer










            answered Mar 18 at 21:01









            user655522user655522

            111




            111












            • $begingroup$
              Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
              $endgroup$
              – dantopa
              Mar 18 at 21:07










            • $begingroup$
              @dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
              $endgroup$
              – user655377
              Mar 19 at 21:14










            • $begingroup$
              @user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
              $endgroup$
              – dantopa
              Mar 19 at 23:23


















            • $begingroup$
              Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
              $endgroup$
              – dantopa
              Mar 18 at 21:07










            • $begingroup$
              @dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
              $endgroup$
              – user655377
              Mar 19 at 21:14










            • $begingroup$
              @user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
              $endgroup$
              – dantopa
              Mar 19 at 23:23
















            $begingroup$
            Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
            $endgroup$
            – dantopa
            Mar 18 at 21:07




            $begingroup$
            Welcome to Mathematics Stack Exchange! A quick tour will enhance your experience. Here are helpful tips to write a good question and write a good answer.
            $endgroup$
            – dantopa
            Mar 18 at 21:07












            $begingroup$
            @dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
            $endgroup$
            – user655377
            Mar 19 at 21:14




            $begingroup$
            @dantopa strange that you would pick on this answer by a noob which is actually the only one which gives a complete answer to the OP. Not a good look for the site TBH.
            $endgroup$
            – user655377
            Mar 19 at 21:14












            $begingroup$
            @user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
            $endgroup$
            – dantopa
            Mar 19 at 23:23




            $begingroup$
            @user655377: It is unclear how a welcome message is a form of denigration. Perhaps you could elaborate.
            $endgroup$
            – dantopa
            Mar 19 at 23:23


















            draft saved

            draft discarded




















































            Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!


            • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

            But avoid



            • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

            • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


            Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


            To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




            draft saved


            draft discarded














            StackExchange.ready(
            function () {
            StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3153287%2fhow-to-prove-that-function-fp-frac1p2-1-sum-q-3p-fracq2-3%23new-answer', 'question_page');
            }
            );

            Post as a guest















            Required, but never shown





















































            Required, but never shown














            Required, but never shown












            Required, but never shown







            Required, but never shown

































            Required, but never shown














            Required, but never shown












            Required, but never shown







            Required, but never shown







            Popular posts from this blog

            Magento 2 - Add success message with knockout Planned maintenance scheduled April 23, 2019 at 23:30 UTC (7:30pm US/Eastern) Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara Unicorn Meta Zoo #1: Why another podcast?Success / Error message on ajax request$.widget is not a function when loading a homepage after add custom jQuery on custom themeHow can bind jQuery to current document in Magento 2 When template load by ajaxRedirect page using plugin in Magento 2Magento 2 - Update quantity and totals of cart page without page reload?Magento 2: Quote data not loaded on knockout checkoutMagento 2 : I need to change add to cart success message after adding product into cart through pluginMagento 2.2.5 How to add additional products to cart from new checkout step?Magento 2 Add error/success message with knockoutCan't validate Post Code on checkout page

            Fil:Tokke komm.svg

            Where did Arya get these scars? Unicorn Meta Zoo #1: Why another podcast? Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara Favourite questions and answers from the 1st quarter of 2019Why did Arya refuse to end it?Has the pronunciation of Arya Stark's name changed?Has Arya forgiven people?Why did Arya Stark lose her vision?Why can Arya still use the faces?Has the Narrow Sea become narrower?Does Arya Stark know how to make poisons outside of the House of Black and White?Why did Nymeria leave Arya?Why did Arya not kill the Lannister soldiers she encountered in the Riverlands?What is the current canonical age of Sansa, Bran and Arya Stark?